Process and Apparatus for Refining Molten Glass

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for refining molten glass that includes a housing having a vertically oriented longitudinal axis and a transverse axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. Molten glass is received at an upper end of the housing and is discharged from a lower end of the housing. A guide extends at least partway across the housing and directs molten glass in a generally downward direction through the housing and in a parallel or oblique direction relative to the transverse axis of the housing.

The present disclosure is directed to a process and an apparatus forrefining glass.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Silica-based glass, such as soda-lime-silica glass, is prevalent in themanufacture of glass containers and other articles. Molten glass used tomake such articles is conventionally prepared by melting variousglass-forming materials in a furnace or tank at elevated temperature.During this process, gases (e.g., SO₂, CO₂, H₂O, etc.) are produced,which may evolve to form gas bubbles or “seeds” within the molten glass.The process of removing gas bubbles and/or dissolved gases from moltenglass is referred to as “refining” or “degassing.”

A general object of the disclosure, in accordance with one aspect of thedisclosure, is to provide an apparatus for refining molten glass thatpromotes the rapid release of gas bubbles therefrom and thereby reducesthe time needed to refine the molten glass, or the “refining time.”

The present disclosure embodies a number of aspects that can beimplemented separately from or in combination with each other.

An apparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with one aspect ofthe disclosure, includes: a housing and a guide positioned within thehousing. The housing has a vertically oriented longitudinal axis, atransverse axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, an inlet at anupper end to receive molten glass, and an outlet a lower end todischarge molten glass therefrom. The guide has a flow surface uponwhich molten glass can flow between the inlet and the outlet of thehousing. The flow surface of the guide has a surface area that isgreater than a transverse cross-sectional area of the housing, and, whena volume of molten glass is introduced into the housing, the volume ofmolten glass is distributed over the flow surface of the guide such thatthe surface area of the volume of molten glass is increased and thethickness of the volume molten glass is decreased.

In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, there is providedan apparatus for refining molten glass that includes: a housing having avertically oriented longitudinal axis and a transverse axisperpendicular to the longitudinal axis, an inlet at an upper end of thehousing to receive molten glass, an outlet at a lower end of the housingto discharge molten glass from the housing, and a guide extending atleast partway across the housing. The guide directs molten glass in agenerally downward direction through the housing and in a parallel oroblique direction relative to the transverse axis of the housing suchthat molten glass flowing from the upper end to the lower end of thehousing moves relative to the longitudinal axis of the housing. In someembodiments, the molten glass may be directed through the housing suchthat the molten glass repeatedly intersects the longitudinal axis of thehousing. In other embodiments, the molten glass may be directed by theguide such that the molten glass repeatedly passes from one side of thelongitudinal axis of the housing to another, without physicallyintersecting the longitudinal axis. For example, the molten glass may bedirected such that the molten glass repeatedly revolves around thelongitudinal axis of the housing. In another embodiment, the guide mayinclude a series of guides that direct the molten glass through thehousing such that the molten glass cascades over the guides insuccession.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the disclosure, there isprovided a process for refining molten glass that includes: (a)introducing molten glass into an upper end of a housing having avertically oriented longitudinal axis and a transverse axisperpendicular to the longitudinal axis, (b) flowing the molten glassover a guide such that the molten glass flows in a generally downwarddirection through the housing and in a parallel or oblique directionrelative to the transverse axis of the housing, and then (c) dischargingthe molten glass from a lower end of the housing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure, together with additional objects, features, advantagesand aspects thereof, will be best understood from the followingdescription, the appended claims and the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a side sectional view of anapparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with one embodimentof the disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a side sectional view of a portionof an apparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with anotherembodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a side sectional view of a portionof an apparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with yetanother embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a top sectional view of anapparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with a fourthembodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a side sectional view of a portion of the apparatusillustrated in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a top sectional view of anapparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with a fifthembodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 7 is a side sectional view of a portion of the apparatusillustrated in FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a side sectional view of a portionof an apparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with a sixthembodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a side sectional view of anapparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with a seventhembodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a side sectional view of aportion of an apparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with aneighth embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 11 is an enlarged top sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the apparatus of FIG. 10;

FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a top sectional view of anapparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with a ninthembodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 14 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the apparatus of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of a side sectional view of aportion of an apparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with atenth embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 16 is a schematic illustration of a side sectional view of anapparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with an eleventhembodiment of the disclosure; and

FIG. 17 is a schematic illustration of a perspective view of a portionof an apparatus for refining molten glass, in accordance with a twelfthembodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates an apparatus 10, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present disclosure, for refining molten glass. The apparatus 10includes a housing 12 that defines an inner chamber 14 and has avertically oriented longitudinal axis L and a transverse axis Tperpendicular to the longitudinal axis L. Unrefined molten glass isreceived at an upper end of the housing 12 and refined molten glass isdischarged from a lower end of the housing 12. The housing 12 includesan inlet 16 through which a stream of unrefined molten glass may bereceived, an outlet 18 through which a stream of refined molten glassmay be discharged, and a sidewall 20 that extends between the inlet 16and the outlet 18 of the housing 12. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 1, the sidewall 20 of the housing 12 is cylindrical and the housing12 has a transverse cross section that is circular in shape. In otherembodiments, however, the transverse cross section of the housing 12 maytake on different shapes. For example, in other embodiments, the housing12 may have an elliptical or polygonal transverse cross-sectional shape.

The housing 12 may have a longitudinal length measured along thelongitudinal axis L thereof and a width measured along the transverseaxis T. The length of the housing 12 may be substantially the same asthe width of the housing 12, or the housing 12 may have a length greaterthan its width. In some specific embodiments, the length of the housing12 may be in the range of 1-5 meters and the width of the housing 12 maybe in the range of 1-5 meters. The residence time of a volume of moltenglass flowing through a housing 12 having such dimensions may be in therange of 1-12 hours, and such housing 12 may produce about 50 tons toabout 300 tons of refined molten glass per day.

Molten glass is received at the inlet 16 of the housing 12 and is flowedover one or more guides 22 having flow surfaces 24 upon which moltenglass can flow between the upper end and the lower end of the housing12. In particular, the guides 22 direct the molten glass in a generallydownward direction through the housing 12, while also directing themolten glass in a parallel or oblique direction relative to thetransverse axis T of the housing 12. Also, the molten glass is directedby the guides 22 such that the molten glass moves relative to thelongitudinal axis L of the housing 12. For example, the molten glass mayrepeatedly traverse, pass, and/or move over, along, through, around,about, across, or back and forth with respect to the longitudinal axis Lof the housing 12 as the molten glass flows from the inlet 16 to theoutlet 18 of the housing 12. In some embodiments, this may mean that themolten glass intersects the longitudinal axis L of the housing 12 as itflows through the housing 12. In other embodiments, the molten glass maypass from one side of the longitudinal axis L to another withoutphysically intersecting the longitudinal axis L. For example, the moltenglass may move back and forth within the housing 12 as it flows over theguides 22, or the molten glass may revolve around the longitudinal axisL of the housing 12 as it flows from the inlet 16 to the outlet 18 ofthe housing 12. The guides 22 may take on a variety of different shapes,including, for example, plates, trays, steps, shelves, baffles, and/orrods, to name a few.

When a volume of molten glass is introduced into the housing 12, thevolume of molten glass is distributed over the flow surfaces 24 of theguides 22 such that the surface area of the volume of molten glass isincreased and the thickness of the volume of molten glass is decreased.For example, a volume of molten glass received at the inlet 16 of thehousing 12 may have a surface area in the range of 0.01 square meters tofive square meters and a thickness in the range of 0.5 cm to 100 cm.However, after the volume of molten glass has been distributed over theflow surfaces 24 of the guides 22, the volume of molten glass may have asurface area in the range of 0.5 square meters to 20 square meters and athickness in the range of 0.5 cm to 35 cm, which represents 1 to2000-fold increase in surface area and 1 to 100-fold decrease inthickness. As used herein, the “thickness” of the molten glass refers tothe height or level of the molten glass above the one or more flowsurfaces 24 of the one or more guides 22. Reducing the thickness of thevolume of molten glass allows gas bubbles that are dissolved or trappedwithin the molten glass to rise to a free surface thereof and escapefrom the molten glass in a relatively short amount of time. Accordingly,the rate at which molten glass is flowed through the housing 12 iscontrolled such that the chamber 14 is never completely filled orflooded with molten glass. More specifically, the rate at which moltenglass is flowed through the housing 12 is controlled such that themolten glass flowing over the flow surfaces 24 of the guides 22 has afree surface.

The overall flow surface area of the guides 22 is relatively large incomparison to the transverse cross-sectional area of the housing 12,which allows molten glass flowing through the housing 12 to bedistributed over a relatively large surface area in a space having arelatively small volume. For example, the housing 12 may have atransverse cross-sectional area of between 0.5 m² and 20 m², and theoverall flow surface area of the guides 22 may be between 50 m² and 500m².

The apparatus 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a series of guides 22that are spaced apart from one another along the longitudinal axis L ofthe housing 12. The guides 22 extend partway across the housing 12. Thatis, the guides 22 extend from one side of the housing 12 across thelongitudinal axis L of the housing 12, but the guides 22 do not extendentirely across the housing 12. The guides 22 illustrated in FIG. 1extend in a downward direction at an oblique angle relative to thetransverse axis T of the housing 12. However, in other embodiments, someor all of the guides 22 may extend in a substantially parallel directionto the transverse axis T of the housing 12. In some embodiments, theguides 22 may extend at a downward angle in the range of zero degrees to30 degrees from the transverse axis T of the housing 12, and may bespaced apart from one another at distances in the range of 3-25 inches.In some specific embodiments, the guides 22 may extend at a downwardangle in the range of 2-3 degrees from the transverse axis T of thechamber 14.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the guides 22 are alternatelyarranged on opposite sides of the housing 12, such that the guides 22overlap one another along the longitudinal axis L of the housing 12. Assuch, when molten glass is received at an upstream end 26 of one of theguides 22, the molten glass flows across the guide 22 towards thedownstream end 28 of the guide 22, and then drops from a free edge 30 ofthe guide 22 onto the upstream end 26 of the next lower guide 22. Also,as the molten glass flows from one guide 22 to the next, the moltenglass is repeatedly deflected in opposite transverse directions suchthat the molten glass cascades from one guide 22 to another and makes azigzag path through the housing 12.

A vacuum pump and evacuation system 32 may be in fluid communicationwith the apparatus 10 for creating a sub-atmospheric pressureenvironment within the housing 12. Lowering the atmospheric pressurewithin the housing 12 may help increase the rate at which gas bubblesare removed from the molten glass as it flows over the guides 22 andthrough the housing 12. In addition, the vacuum pump and evacuationsystem 32 may help maintain a suitably low-pressure environment withinthe housing 12 by continuously drawing off gases that are released fromthe molten glass as it flows through the housing 12. A vacuum port 34may be provided in the housing 12 for removing or evacuating gasestherefrom.

During operation, molten glass may be received at the inlet 16 of thehousing 12 and may pass through multiple stages or zones as it flows tothe outlet 18 of the housing 12, with each zone being characterized bydifferent process variables. For example, the temperature and pressuremay be intentionally varied at different locations within the housing 12to create different temperature and pressure zones within the housing12. As another example, the declination angles and spacing between theguides 22 may be different in one area of the housing 12 as compared toanother, and those different areas may define different zones within thehousing 12.

FIGS. 2-17 illustrate additional embodiments of apparatuses for refiningmolten glass. These embodiments are similar in many respects to theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, and like numerals among theembodiments generally designate like or corresponding elementsthroughout the several views of the drawing figures. Accordingly, thedescriptions of the embodiments are incorporated into one another, anddescription of subject matter common to the embodiments generally maynot be repeated here.

Referring now to FIG. 2, some or all of the guides 22 may haveextensions 36 located at their downstream ends 28, which may help guidethe molten glass from one guide 22 to the next lower guide 22 within thehousing 12. In addition, the extensions 36 may help increase thelaminarity of the flow of molten glass, for example, by preventingbubbles from becoming incorporated into the molten glass as it flowsfrom one guide 22 to another. The extensions 36 may extend from thedownstream ends 28 of the guides 22 in a direction parallel to thelongitudinal axis L of the housing 12, or the extensions 36 may beangled slightly inwardly or outwardly from the downstream ends 28 of theguides 22.

Referring now to FIG. 3, some or all of the guides 22 may includebarriers 38 along their flow surfaces 24, which may help maintain agenerally uniform level of molten glass over the flow surfaces 24 of theguides 22. The guides 22 also may include heaters 40 for supplying heatto the molten glass as it flows over the guides. The heaters 40 mayinclude any suitable source of heat, and may be embedded in, mountedunder, or otherwise carried by the guides 22. In the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 3, the heaters 40 are positioned below the flowsurfaces 24 of the guides 22. The heaters 40 may help adjust and/orcontrol the temperature of the molten glass as it flows through thehousing 12, for example, so that the molten glass exhibits a suitabletemperature for refining. In addition, the heaters 40 may help controlthe rate at which the molten glass is cooled as it flows through thehousing 12 so that the molten glass exhibits a suitable temperature foruse in downstream forming operations by the time it reaches the outlet18 of the housing 12.

As illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, the apparatus 10 also may includeburners 42, which may heat the molten glass as it flows through thehousing 12. The burners 42 may be positioned at various locations withinthe housing 12, and may be positioned such that the burners 42 extendfrom the sidewall 20 of the housing 12 into the chamber 14. The heaters40, the burners 42, or both may be part of a heating system thatsupplies a controlled amount of heat to the molten glass flowing throughthe housing 12.

As illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, the apparatus 10 also may include aventilation system 44 to vent air and/or other gases out of the housing12. The ventilation system 44 may include a conduit 46 with apertures 48through which air and/or other gases can exit the housing 12. Theconduit 46 may extend along the sidewall 20 of the housing 12. Thevacuum pump and evacuation system 32, the ventilation system 44, theheating system, or a combination thereof may be part of an overallmanagement system that controls the temperature and/or pressure atvarious locations within the housing 12.

With reference to FIG. 8, the apparatus 10 also may include one or morevibrators 50 for adding vibration energy, e.g., sonic energy, to themolten glass as it flows over the guides 22. Adding vibration energy tothe molten glass may promote cavitations, which may cause gas bubblesthat are dissolved or trapped within the molten glass to collide,rupture, and/or coalesce so that the gas bubbles can rise to a freesurface of the molten glass and escape therefrom in a relatively shortamount of time. Adding vibration energy to the molten glass may beaccomplished by adding vibration energy to one or more of the guides 22,for example, by coupling the vibrators 50 to the guides 22. For example,the vibrators 50 may be carried by the guides 22, mounted on or underthe guides 22, and/or embedded in the guides 22. In the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 8, the vibrators 50 are positioned along thesidewall 20 of the housing 12 and are coupled to the upstream ends 26 ofthe guides 22. Suitable vibrators 50 for imparting vibration energy tomolten glass flowing through the housing 12 may include actuators, sonicwave generators, or sonic horns, also known as acoustic horns.

As illustrated in FIG. 9, vibrators 50′ may be coupled to the guides 22along the longitudinal axis L of the housing 12. In this embodiment, aninput member 52 extends through the housing 12 along the longitudinalaxis L of the housing 12. The input member 52 may be coupled to thevibrators 50′ in a manner that allows the vibrators 50′ to be actuatedby the input member 52. For example, the vibrators 50′ may be configuredto impart vibration energy to the guides 22 upon receiving vibrationenergy or a signal from the input member 52. The input member 52 mayinclude a tube, or any other suitable device that can be used to actuatethe vibrators 50′ or otherwise impart vibration energy to the vibrators50′ and/or the guides 22.

Referring now to FIGS. 10-12, multiple vibrators 50″ may be positionedin spaced apart relation to each other along the flow surfaces 24 of theguides 22. In this arrangement, molten glass may flow across one of theguides 22, from the upstream end 26 to the downstream end 28 thereof,and may drop from the free edge 30 of the guide 22 onto the upstream end22 of the next lower guide 22. If multiple vibrators 50″ are locatedalong the flow surface 24 of the guide 22, the molten glass may flowover the vibrators 50″ as it flows across the guide 22. The energyintensity and frequency of the vibrators 50″ may be adjusted in responseto the thickness and/or the viscosity of the molten glass flowing overthe guides 22. For example, higher intensity and frequency vibrationsmay be imparted to the guides 22 if needed to compensate for thicker ormore viscous flows of molten glass, and vice versa.

FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate an apparatus 110 for refining molten glass,in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. The apparatus110 includes a housing 112 defining an inner chamber 114 and guides 122that fully extend across the housing 112. The guides 122 have flowsurfaces 124 upon which molten glass can flow. The guides 122 mayinclude slots 154 between their upstream and downstream ends 126, 128 sothat molten glass can flow from one guide 122 to another via the slots154. In such case, when molten glass is received at an upstream end 126of one of the guides 122, the molten glass may flow across the guide 122towards the downstream end 128 of the guide 122, and then may dropthrough the slot 154 in the guide 122 onto the upstream end 126 of thenext lower guide 122. These types of guides 122 may allow foam on thesurface of the molten glass to collect at the downstream ends 128 of theguides 122 such that the foam is skimmed off and separated from themolten glass as it flows through the housing 112.

FIG. 15 illustrates a portion of an apparatus 210 for refining moltenglass, in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. Theapparatus 210 includes a housing 212 defining an inner chamber 214 andalternating first and second guides 222A, 222B. The first and secondguides 222A, 222B have first and second flow surfaces 224A, 224B uponwhich molten glass can flow. The first and second guides 222A, 222Bprovide different types of passageways through which molten glass canflow. For example, the first guide 222A may include a central passageway256 and the second guide 222B may be defined by one or more peripheralpassageways 258. In this arrangement, molten glass may flow through thecentral passageway 256 of the first guide 222A, onto the flow surface224B of the second guide 222B, and then over one or more free edges 230Bof the second guide 222B to the next lower guide 222A. The first andsecond guides 222A, 222B may be segmented or unitary structures, whichmay or may not be attached to the sidewall 220 of the housing 12. Insome embodiments, the first guide 222A may be annular in shape and thesecond guide 222B may be in the shape of a disc, with the relativedimensions of the first and second guides 222A, 222B being such that thesecond guide 222B and the central passageway 256 of the first guide 222Aare in overlapping relationship when viewed along the longitudinal axisL of the chamber 214.

FIG. 16 illustrates an apparatus 310 for refining molten glass, inaccordance with yet another embodiment of the disclosure. The apparatus310 includes a housing 312 that defines an inner chamber 314 having avertically oriented longitudinal axis L and a transverse axis Tperpendicular to the longitudinal axis L. Unrefined molten glass isreceived at an upper end of the chamber 314 and refined molten glass isdischarged from a lower end of the chamber 314. The housing 312 includesan inlet 316 through which a stream of unrefined molten glass may bereceived, an outlet 318 through which a stream of refined molten glassmay be discharged, and a sidewall 320 that extends between the inlet 316and the outlet 318 of the housing 312. In this embodiment, molten glassis received at the inlet 316 of the housing 312 and is distributed overa helical guide 322.

The helical guide 322 provides a flow surface 324 upon which moltenglass can flow between the upper end and the lower end of the chamber314. Molten glass is directed through the chamber 314 by the guide 322such that it flows in a generally downward direction through the chamber314 and in an oblique direction relative to the transverse axis T of thehousing 12. More specifically, molten glass is directed by the helicalguide 322 such that it revolves around the longitudinal axis L of thechamber 314 in the form of a spiral. The helical guide 322 may becarried by a central shaft 360 that may extend along the longitudinalaxis L of the chamber 314.

The apparatus 310 also may include a vacuum pump and evacuation system332 with a vacuum port 334 for creating a sub-atmospheric pressureenvironment within the chamber 314. One or more heaters and/or vibratorsmay be located within the chamber 314 for supplying heat or vibrationenergy to the molten glass as it flows over the helical guide 322. Oneor more barriers also may be located along the flow surface 324 of thehelical guide 322 to help maintain a desired level of molten glass overthe helical guide 322 and/or to help direct the flow of molten glassover the guide 322.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 16, a continuous stream of moltenglass is introduced into the apparatus 310 by allowing a controlledamount of molten glass to continuously flow from a body of molten glassheld within a glass melting furnace 362 into the chamber 314. The bodyof molten glass may have a free surface located above the upper end ofthe chamber 314 such that molten glass can flow by gravity from thefurnace 362 into the chamber 314. A flow control device 364 may beplaced in the flow path of the molten glass, upstream of the inlet 316,to regulate the amount of molten glass that enters chamber 314. The flowcontrol device 364 also may help dissipate or reduce the amount of foamon the surface of the molten glass that enters the chamber 314.

FIG. 17 illustrates an apparatus 410 for refining molten glass, inaccordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. The apparatus 410includes a housing 412 that defines an inner chamber 414 having avertically oriented longitudinal axis L and a transverse axis Tperpendicular to the longitudinal axis L. Unrefined molten glass isreceived at an upper end of the chamber 414 and is distributed over asuccessive series of guides 422 that extend radially outwardly from acentral shaft 460. In this embodiment, the flow direction of the moltenglass changes as it flows from one guide 422 to another. In otherembodiments, however, some or all of the guides 422 may be arranged suchthat molten glass cascades from one guide 422 to another while followinga generally straight path through the chamber 414.

The process and apparatus for refining molten glass disclosed herein maybe used to refine various silica-based glass compositions as well asglass precursor compositions, and may be retrofitted or incorporatedinto various glass manufacturing processes and various glass furnacedesigns, including, but certainly not limited to, the illustrative glassmanufacturing processes and glass furnace designs shown in the drawingsand described herein. For example, the process and apparatus disclosedherein may be used to refine molten glass that has been melted in avacuum induction melter, a submerged combustion melter, or any othersuitable melting furnace.

There thus has been disclosed a process and an apparatus for refining astream of molten glass, that fully satisfies one or more of the objectsand aims previously set forth. The disclosure has been presented inconjunction with several illustrative embodiments, and additionalmodifications and variations have been discussed. Other modificationsand variations readily will suggest themselves to persons of ordinaryskill in the art in view of the foregoing discussion. For example, thesubject matter of each of the embodiments is hereby incorporated byreference into each of the other embodiments, for expedience. Thedisclosure is intended to embrace all such modifications and variationsas fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

1. An apparatus for refining molten glass that includes: a housinghaving a vertically oriented longitudinal axis, a transverse axisperpendicular to said longitudinal axis, a length measured along thelongitudinal axis, and a width measured along the transverse axis,wherein the length is greater than the width, and a transversecross-sectional area between 0.5 square meters and 20 square meters; aninlet at an upper end of said housing to receive unrefined molten glass;an outlet at a lower end of said housing to discharge refined moltenglass from said housing; and a guide positioned within said housinghaving a flow surface upon which molten glass can flow between saidinlet and said outlet of said housing, said flow surface having asurface area between 50 square meters and 500 square meters, such thatthe surface area of the flow surface is 2.5 to 1,000 times greater thanthe surface area of the transverse cross-sectional area of the housing.2. The apparatus set forth in claim 1 wherein said guide directs moltenglass to flow in a parallel or oblique direction relative to thetransverse axis of said housing.
 3. The apparatus set forth in claim 1wherein said flow surface of said guide continuously extends from saidupper end to said lower end of said housing.
 4. The apparatus set forthin claim 3 wherein said flow surface of said guide follows a helicalpath from said upper end to said lower end of said housing.
 5. Theapparatus set forth in claim 1 wherein said guide includes a series ofguides having flow surfaces that are spaced apart from one another alongsaid longitudinal axis of said housing.
 6. The apparatus set forth inclaim 5 wherein said series of guides are alternately arranged onopposite sides of said housing such that said flow surfaces of saidguides overlap one another along said longitudinal axis of said housing.7. The apparatus set forth in claim 5 wherein at least one of saidguides includes a slot between an upstream end and a downstream endthereof through which molten glass can flow.
 8. The apparatus set forthin claim 1 wherein said guide includes a barrier along said flow surfaceto maintain a generally uniform level of molten glass thereon.
 9. Theapparatus set forth in claim 1 wherein said flow surface of said guideextends partway across said housing.
 10. The apparatus set forth inclaim 9 wherein said flow surface of said guide extends radiallyoutwardly from said longitudinal axis of said housing.
 11. The apparatusset forth in claim 1 wherein said flow surface of said guide extendsradially inwardly from said housing.
 12. The apparatus set forth inclaim 1 that also includes: a vacuum pump and evacuation system to drawoff gases that are released from molten glass flowing through saidhousing.
 13. The apparatus set forth in claim 1 that also includes:vibrators for adding vibration energy to molten glass that is flowingthrough said housing.
 14. The apparatus set forth in claim 1 that alsoincludes: a heating system for controlling the temperature of moltenglass flowing through said housing.
 15. The apparatus set forth in claim1 wherein said guide includes a series of guides that direct moltenglass through said housing such that the molten glass cascades over saidguides in succession.
 16. The apparatus set forth in claim 15 whereinsaid guide includes a series of guides that are arranged such thatmolten glass flowing from said upper end to said lower end of saidhousing repeatedly intersects said longitudinal axis of said housing.17. The apparatus set forth in claim 1 wherein said guide is configuredsuch that molten glass flowing from said upper end to said lower end ofsaid housing repeatedly passes from one side of said longitudinal axisof said housing to another, without intersecting said longitudinal axis.18. The apparatus set forth in claim 1 wherein said guide is configuredsuch that molten glass flowing from said upper end to said lower end ofsaid housing repeatedly revolves around said longitudinal axis of saidhousing.
 19. The apparatus set forth in claim 1 wherein said housing hasa circular transverse cross section.
 20. An apparatus comprising: therefining apparatus set forth in claim 1; and a glass melting furnacehaving a body of molten glass with a free surface above the inlet of therefining apparatus such that molten glass can flow by gravity from thefurnace into the inlet of the refining apparatus.